About Me
History of Chinese (581 to 1644)
China was reunited in 581 AD after a long period of internal war by the founders of the Sui dynasty. For most of the 1000 years that followed, China was one of the largest and most advanced civilization in the world. Because of its geographic isolation from the West, it was able to develop and maintain a unique culture that spread its influence over much of Asia.
An emperor generally held supreme power as the son of heaven. Natural disasters or other calamities were taken as proof that the mandate of heaven had been withdrawn, however, and could justify revolt. Mandarins were conservative civil servants who operated most of the government at the local, province, and imperial level. Mandarins earned their positions by passing detailed civil service examinations based mainly on the works of Confucius.
The T'ang dynasty ruled China from 618 to 907. China under the T'ang was large, wealthy, and powerful. There was extensive foreign trade and interest in the arts among the upper class. Printing and gunpowder were invented. The last 100 years of T'ang rule witnessed tumultuous peasant revolts, however, and wars between local military rulers that the imperial court could not end. The years from 907 to 960 were known as the Five Dynasties period. Northern China was held by barbarians, and southern China split into 10 rival states. From one of these, an army general named Zhao Kuang-ying seized power and unified the southern states, founding the Song dynasty. His descendants reunited China within 20 years.
The Song dynasty ruled at least part of China until 1279. This was another period of cultural brilliance, and it was considered the great age of Chinese landscape painting. There was a dramatic improvement in economic activity, including a large overseas trade. Population and cities grew, food production grew faster than population, a money economy developed, and industrial output increased. No city in Europe could approach the populations of Chang An, Beijing, and Guang Zhou, all with more than 2 million inhabitants.
The wealth of China attracted enemies, however, and the Mongols began attacks in 1206. By 1279 they had completed the conquest of Song China and moved the capital to Beijing. The dramatic economic improvement of the Song dynasty ended with the Mongol conquests and the estimated 30 million deaths that they caused. The Mongol Yuan dynasty reunited China and reestablished it as a great military and world power. Chinese influence was spread into Asia. Hanoi was captured three times and tribute was extracted from Burma. Trade with India, Arabia, and the Persian Gulf was developed. Marco Polo visited China during this period.
Natural disasters and higher taxes in the fourteenth century caused rural rebellions. A Buddhist monk rose to be one of the leaders of the Red Turbans, a secret society opposed to the emperor in Beijing. The rebels seized Nanjing in 1356 and drove the Mongols from Beijing 12 years later, establishing the Ming dynasty. The Ming presided over another cultural flowering and established a political unity that outlasted the Ming and continued into the twentieth century. The Ming clamped down a strict conservatism and isolation, however, discouraging change and innovation, banning foreign travel, and closing the Silk Road.
Some of the most noteworthy aspects of medieval China are the technologies that were invented there, usually many centuries before a similar technology was invented in, or transmitted to, the West. Important Chinese inventions included the compass, the wheelbarrow, the abacus, the horse harness, the stirrup, the clock, iron-casting, steel, paper, moveable type (printing), paper money, gunpowder, and the stern-post rudder.
Belum puas?cari di sini
Friday, July 20, 2007
History of Chinese (581 to 1644)
History of Vikings (500 to 1100)
History of Vikings (500 to 1100)
The Vikings (meaning "northmen") were the last of the barbarian tribes called Germans by the Romans to terrorize Europe. Spreading out from their homelands in Scandinavia, they struck suddenly across the seas from their dragon boats (called such because of the dragon heads carved on the bow and stern). They began by raiding, pillaging, and withdrawing before any serious armed resistance could be mounted, but they gradually grew more bold. Eventually they occupied and settled significant parts of Europe.
Being pagan, they did not hesitate to kill churchmen and loot church holdings, and they were feared for their ruthlessness and ferocity. At the same time, they were remarkable craftsmen, sailors, explorers, and traders.
The Viking homelands were Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. They and their descendants controlled, at least temporarily, most of the Baltic Coast, much of inland Russia, Normandy in France, England, Sicily, southern Italy, and parts of Palestine. They discovered Iceland in 825 (Irish monks were there already) and settled there in 875. They colonized Greenland in 985. Some people think that the Vikings reached Newfoundland and explored part of North America 500 years before the voyage of Columbus.
Vikings began raiding and then settling along the eastern Baltic Sea in the sixth and seventh centuries. At the end of the eighth century, they were making long raids down the rivers of modern Russia and setting up forts along the way for defense. In the ninth century, they were ruling Kiev and in 907 a force of 2000 ships and 80,000 men attacked Constantinople. They were bought off by the emperor of Byzantium with very favorable terms of trade.
Vikings struck first in the West in the late eighth century. Danes attacked and looted the famous island monastery at Lindisfarne on the northeast coast of England, beginning a trend. The size and frequency of raids against England, France, and Germany increased to the point of becoming invasions. Settlements were established as bases for further raids. Viking settlements in northwestern France came to be known as Normandy ("from the northmen"), and the residents were called Normans.
In 865 a large Danish army invaded England, and they went on to hold much of England for the next two centuries. One of the last kings of all England before 1066 was Canute, who ruled Denmark and Norway simultaneously. In 871 another large fleet sailed up the Seine River to attack Paris. They besieged the city for two years before being bought off with a large cash payment and permission to loot part of western France unimpeded.
In 911 the French king made the Viking chief of Normandy a duke in return for converting to Christianity and ceasing to raid. From the Duchy of Normandy came a remarkable series of warriors, including William I, who conquered England in 1066, Robert Guiscard and his family, who took Sicily from the Arabs between 1060 and 1091, and Baldwin I, king of the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem.
Viking raids stopped at the end of the tenth century. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway had become kingdoms, and much of their king's energy was devoted to running their lands. The spread of Christianity weakened the old pagan warrior values, which died out. The Norse were also absorbed by the cultures into which they had intruded. The occupiers and conquerors of England became English, the Normans became French, and the Rus became Russians.
History of Persians (220 to 651)
History of Persians (220 to 651)
The Persian Empire had existed for many centuries when the Middle Ages began. It had been reassembled following the conquest by Alexander in the fourth century BC and the subsequent breakup of his empire in later centuries. The Persians had been fighting the Romans since the third century AD.
The Persian Empire stretched from Mesopotamia to India and from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf, encompassing the modern nations of Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan. They fought the Romans, and later the Byzantines, for control of modern Syria, Turkey, Palestine, Israel, Egypt, and Arabia. The capital of the Persian Empire was Ctesiphon, called Baghdad today.
During the third and fourth centuries, the Romans made several attempts to subdue the Persians. In 364 a peace treaty was signed between the two that allowed the Persians to consolidate their power to the east and north. Beginning with the sixth century, the Persians began attacking the Byzantine Empire in Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and modern Turkey. The war between the two powers went back and forth. In 626 the Persians besieged Byzantium itself without success, and the Byzantines were able to invade Persia the following year. Peace was made between the two exhausted empires in 628.
The Persians were unprepared for the fury of the Islamic Arabs in the seventh century. The Sassanid dynasty of Persia ended in battle in 636. The Persians did not have a capital with defenses comparable to those of Constantinople. Muslim conquest of Persia was complete by 651.
Thursday, July 19, 2007
History of The Mongols (1206 to 1405)
History of The Mongols (1206 to 1405)
The Mongols were nomads from the steppes of Central Asia. They were fierce warriors who fought each other over pasturelands and raided developed civilizations to the east and south. At the beginning of the thirteenth century, the Mongol clans united and began a campaign of foreign conquest. Following in the hoofprints of the Huns, their predecessors by a thousand years, they carved out one of the largest empires the world has yet seen.
The Mongols inhabited the plains south of Lake Baikal in modern Mongolia. At its maximum, their empire stretched from Korea, across Asia, and into European Russia to the Baltic Sea coast. They held most of Asia Minor, modern Iraq, modern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet, parts of India, parts of Burma, all of China, and parts of Vietnam.
The Mongol clans were united by Temuchin, called Genghis Khan ("mighty ruler"), in the early thirteenth century. His ambition was to rule all lands between the oceans (Pacific and Atlantic) and he nearly did so. Beginning with only an estimated 25,000 warriors, he added strength by subjugating other nomads and attacked northern China in 1211. He took Beijing in 1215 after a campaign that may have cost 30 million Chinese lives. The Mongols then turned west, capturing the great trading city Bukhara on the Silk Road in 1220. The city was burned to the ground and the inhabitants murdered.
Following Genghis Khan's death in 1227, his son Ogedei completed the conquest of northern China and advanced into Europe. He destroyed Kiev in 1240 and advanced into Hungary. When Ogedei died on campaign in 1241, the entire army fell back to settle the question of succession. Europe was spared as Mongol rulers concentrated their efforts against the Middle East and southern China. Hulagu, a grandson of Genghis, exterminated the Muslim "Assassins" and then took the Muslim capital of Baghdad in 1258. Most of the city's 100,000 inhabitants were murdered. In 1260 a Muslim army of Egyptian Mamelukes (warrior slaves of high status) defeated the Mongols in present-day Israel, ending the Mongol threat to Islam and its holy cities.
Kublai Khan, another grandson of Genghis, completed the conquest of China in 1279, establishing the Yuan dynasty. Attempted invasions of Japan were thrown back with heavy loss in 1274 and 1281. In 1294 Kublai Khan died in China, and Mongol power began to decline in Asia and elsewhere. In 1368 the Yuan dynasty in China was overthrown in favor of the Ming.
In the 1370's a Turkish-Mongol warrior claiming descent from Genghis Khan fought his way to leadership of the Mongol states of Central Asia and set out to restore the Mongol Empire. His name was Timur Leng (Timur, "the Lame," or Tamerlane to Europeans and the Prince of Destruction to Asians). With another army of 100,000 or so horsemen, he swept into Russia and Persia, fighting mainly other Muslims. In 1398 he sacked Delhi, murdering 100,000 inhabitants. He rushed west defeating an Egyptian Mameluke army in Syria. In 1402 he defeated a large Ottoman Turk army near modern Ankara. On the verge of destroying the Ottoman Empire, he turned again suddenly. He died in 1405 while marching for China. He preferred capturing wealth and engaged in wholesale slaughter, without pausing to install stable governments in his wake. Because of this, the huge realm inherited by his sons fell apart quickly after his death.
History of The Byzantines (476 to 1453)
History of The Byzantines (476 to 1453)
The Byzantines took their name from Byzantium, an ancient city on the Bosphorus, the strategic waterway linking the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea. The Roman Emperor Constantine had renamed this city Constantinople in the fourth century and made it a sister capital of his empire. This eastern partition of the Roman Empire outlived its western counterpart by a thousand years, defending Europe against invasions from the east by Persians, Arabs, and Turks. The Byzantines persevered because Constantinople was well defended by walls and the city could be supplied by sea. At their zenith in the sixth century, the Byzantines covered much of the territories of the original Roman Empire, lacking only the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal), Gaul (modern France), and Britain. The Byzantines also held Syria, Egypt, and Palestine, but by the middle of the seventh century they had lost them to the Arabs. From then on their empire consisted mainly of the Balkans and modern Turkey.
The first great Byzantine emperor was Justinian I (482 to 565). His ambition was to restore the old Roman Empire and he nearly succeeded. His instrument was the greatest general of the age, Belisarius, who crisscrossed the empire defeating Persians to the East, Vandals in North Africa, Ostrogoths in Italy, and Bulgars and Slavs in the Balkans. In addition to military campaigns, Justinian laid the foundation for the future by establishing a strong legal and administrative system and by defending the Christian Church.
The Byzantine economy was the richest in Europe for many centuries because Constantinople was ideally sited on trade routes between Asia, Europe, the Black Sea, and the Aegean Sea. It was an important destination point for the Silk Road from China. The nomisma, the principal Byzantine gold coin, was the standard for money throughout the Mediterranean for 800 years. Constantinople's strategic position eventually attracted the envy and animosity of the Italian city-states.
A key strength of the Byzantine Empire was its generally superior army that drew on the best elements of the Roman, Greek, Gothic, and Middle Eastern experience in war. The core of the army was a shock force of heavy cavalry supported by both light infantry (archers) and heavy infantry (armored swordsmen). The army was organized into units and drilled in tactics and maneuvers. Officers received an education in military history and theory. Although outnumbered usually by masses of untrained warriors, it prevailed thanks to intelligent tactics and good discipline. The army was backed by a network of spies and secret agents that provided information about enemy plans and could be used to bribe or otherwise deflect aggressors.
The Byzantine navy kept the sea-lanes open for trade and kept supply lines free so the city could not be starved into submission when besieged. In the eighth century, a land and sea attack by Arabs was defeated largely by a secret weapon, Greek fire. This chemical weapon, its composition now unknown, was a sort of liquid napalm that could be sprayed from a hose. The Arab navy was devastated at sea by Greek fire.
In the seventh and eighth centuries, the Arabs overran Egypt, the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain, removing these areas permanently from Byzantine control. A Turkish victory at Manzikert in 1071 led to the devastation of Asia Minor, the empire's most important source of grain, cattle, horses, and soldiers. In 1204 Crusaders led by the Doge of Venice used treachery to sack and occupy Constantinople.
In the fourteenth century, the Turks invaded Europe, capturing Adrianople and bypassing Constantinople. They settled the Balkans in large numbers and defeated a large crusader army at Nicopolis in 1396. In May 1453, Turkish sultan Mehmet II captured a weakly defended Constantinople with the aid of heavy cannon. The fall of the city brought the Byzantine Empire to an end.
History of Islamic kingdom of Turks (1030 On)
History of Islamic kingdom of Turks (1030 On)
The name Turks refers to two different Muslim groups of the Middle East-first the Seljuks and then the Ottomans. The Seljuks, nomads from the steppes near the Caspian Sea, converted to Islam around the tenth century. Approximately 70,000 Seljuks started as mercenaries to fill the ranks of the Islamic army of the caliph of Baghdad. These mercenaries converted to the Sunni branch of Islam. In 1055 they became the real power behind the caliph in Baghdad and began extending their rule. Their leaders took the title sultan, meaning "holders of power." By 1100 they controlled most of Anatolia (taken from the Byzantines), Palestine, the lands surrounding the Persian Gulf, the holy cities of Arabia, and as far east as Samarkand.
In 1071 the Seljuks achieved a stunning victory over a Byzantine army at Malazgirt in modern Turkey, which led to Turkish occupation of most of Anatolia. At nearly the same time, they successfully captured Jerusalem from its Egyptian Muslim rulers. These two events shocked the Byzantines, the papacy, and the Christian Europeans. The result was the Crusades, which carried on for the next 200 years.
The Seljuk Turks were worn down by the recurring wars with the Crusaders, even though they were successful ultimately in regaining control of Palestine. They were threatened simultaneously by the activities of the Assassins, a heretical sect of Islam. Internally, Islam entered a period of introspection because of the popularity of Sufi mysticism. During this period of exhaustion and weakness, they were attacked suddenly by the Mongols and collapsed. Baghdad fell to the invaders in 1258 and the Seljuk Empire disappeared.
Islamic peoples from Anatolia (modern Turkey in Asia Minor) were unified in the early fourteenth century under Sultan Osman I and took the name Osmanli, or Ottomans, in his honor. The Ottomans swore a jihad against the crumbling Byzantine Empire and took their campaign around Constantinople into the Balkans. In 1389 the Serbs were defeated. In 1396 a "crusader" army from Hungary was defeated. Ottoman successes were temporarily halted by the Mongols under Tamerlane, but he moved on with his army and the Ottomans recovered.
Sultan Mehmed II ("the Conqueror") at last captured Constantinople on May 29, 1453. The great walls of Constantinople were battered by 70 guns for eight weeks and then 15,000 Janissaries led the successful assault.
The Ottomans pushed on into Europe following the capture of Constantinople and threatened a sort of reverse Crusade. They were stopped by a Hungarian army at Belgrade in 1456, however. Attacks on Vienna were repulsed in 1529 and again in 1683. At its peak in the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire reached up into Europe to Budapest and Odessa and included all of Greece and the Balkans, the lands surrounding the Black Sea, Asia Minor, the Levant, Arabia, Egypt, and most of North Africa. The Ottoman Empire remained a significant world power until World War I in the twentieth century.
Tuesday, July 17, 2007
Level info audition ayodance
Level info audition ayodance
Level......Exp Requirement
Level 1..................0
Level 2................220
Level 3..............1,260
Level 4..............3,480
Level 5..............7,140
Level 6.............12,500
Level 7.............19,695
Level 8.............29,000
Level 9.............40,500
Level 10............54,500
Level 11............71,000
Level 12............90,000
Level 13...........112,000
Level 14...........137,000
Level 15...........165,000
Level 16...........196,000
Level 17...........230,500
Level 18...........268,500
Level 19...........310,000
Level 20...........354,500
Level 21...........403,500
Level 22...........456,000
Level 23...........512,000
Level 24...........572,500
Level 25...........637,000
Level 26...........705,500
Level 27...........778,000
Level 28...........855,500
Level 29...........937,000
Level 30.........1,023,000
Level 31.........1,113,500
Level 32.........1,208,500
Level 33.........1,308,500
Level 34.........1,413,500
Level 35.........1,523,000
Level 36.........1,638,000
Level 37.........1,757,500
Level 38.........1,882,500
Level 39.........2,012,000
Level 40.........2,147,500
Level 41.........2,288,000
Level 42.........2,434,000
Level 43.........2,585,000
Level 44.........2,742,000
Level 45.........2,904,500
Level 46.........3,072,500
Level 47.........3,246,500
Level 48.........3,426,000
Level 49.........3,611,000
Level 50.........3,802,500
Level 51.........4,000,000
Level 52.........4,300,000
Level 53.........4,650,000
Level 54.........5,000,000
Level 55.........5,400,000
Level 56.........5,850,000
Level 57.........6,350,000
Level 58.........6,900,000
Level 59.........7,500,000
Level 60.........7,850,000
Level 61.........8,400,000
Level 62.........9,000,000
Level 63.........9,600,000
Level 64........10,250,000
Level 65........10,900,000
Level 66........11,600,000
Level 67........12,350,000
Level 68........13,150,000
Level 69........14,000,000
Level 70........14,900,000
Level 71........15,850,000
1-5 newbie
6-10 novice
11-15 advance dancer
16-20 clubber
20-25 junior dancer
25-30 senior dancer
30-35 semi pro dancer
35-40 pro dancer
41-45 dance master.
Sisanya isi sendiri
Info ini Dapet dari forum ayodance.klo ada kesalahan silakan tulis komentarnya
cheat gta sanandreas for PC
Weapons, Health, Armor & Money
LXGIWYL = Weapon Set 1, Thug's Tools
PROFESSIONALSKIT = Weapon Set 2, Professional Tools
UZUMYMW = Weapon Set 3, Nutter Tools
HESOYAM = Health, Armor, $250k
BAGUVIX = Semi-Infinite Health
CVWKXAM = Infinite Oxygen
ANOSEONGLASS = Adrenaline Mode
FULLCLIP = Infinite Ammo, No Reload
Police, Stats & Gangs
TURNUPTHEHEAT = Increase Wanted Level Two Stars
TURNDOWNTHEHEAT = Clear Wanted Level
BTCDBCB = Fat
BUFFMEUP = Max Muscle
KVGYZQK = Skinny
AEZAKMI = Never Wanted
BRINGITON = Six Star Wanted Level
WORSHIPME = Max Respect
HELLOLADIES = Max Sex Appeal
VKYPQCF = Max Stamina
PROFESSIONALKILLER = Hitman In All Weapon Stats
NATURALTALENT = Max All Vehicle Skill Stats
Spawning Objects
AIWPRTON = Spawn Rhino
OLDSPEEDDEMON = Spawn Bloodring Banger
JQNTDMH = Spawn Rancher
VROCKPOKEY = Spawn Racecar
VPJTQWV = Spawn Racecar
WHERESTHEFUNERAL = Spawn Romero
CELEBRITYSTATUS = Spawn Stretch
TRUEGRIME = Spawn Trashmaster
RZHSUEW = Spawn Caddy
JUMPJET = Spawn Hydra
KGGGDKP = Spawn Vortex Hovercraft
AIYPWZQP = Have Parachute
ROCKETMAN = Have Jetpack
OHDUDE = Spawn Hunter
FOURWHEELFUN = Spawn Quad
AMOMHRER = Spawn Tanker Truck
ITSALLBULL = Spawn Dozer
FLYINGTOSTUNT = Spawn Stunt Plane
MONSTERMASH = Spawn Monster
Vehicles
CPKTNWT = Blow Up All Cars
WHEELSONLYPLEASE = Invisible car
STICKLIKEGLUE = Perfect Handling
ZEIIVG = All green lights
YLTEICZ = Aggressive Drivers
LLQPFBN = Pink traffic
IOWDLAC = Black traffic
FLYINGFISH = Boats fly
EVERYONEISPOOR = Traffic is Cheap Cars
EVERYONEISRICH = Traffic is Fast Cars
CHITTYCHITTYBANGBANG = Cars Fly
JCNRUAD = Smash n' Boom
SPEEDFREAK = All Cars Have Nitro
BUBBLECARS = Cars Float Away When Hit
OUIQDMW = Free Aim While Driving
GHOSTTOWN = Reduced Traffic
FVTMNBZ = Traffic is Country Vehicles
BMTPWHR = Country Vehicles and Peds, Get Born 2 Truck Outfit
Gameplay
SPEEDITUP = Faster Gameplay
SLOWITDOWN = Slower Gameplay
AJLOJYQY = Peds Attack Each Other, Get Golf Club
BAGOWPG = Have a bounty on your head
FOOOXFT = Everyone is armed
GOODBYECRUELWORLD = Suicide
BLUESUEDESHOES = Elvis is Everywhere
BGLUAWML = Peds Attack You With Weapons, Rocket Launcher
LIFESABEACH= Beach Party
ONLYHOMIESALLOWED = Gang Members Everywhere
BIFBUZZ = Gangs Control the Streets
NINJATOWN = Ninja Theme
BEKKNQV = Slut Magnet
CJPHONEHOME = Huge Bunny Hop
KANGAROO = Mega Jump
STATEOFEMERGENCY = Riot Mode
CRAZYTOWN = Funhouse Theme
SJMAHPE = Recruit Anyone (9mm)
ROCKETMAYHEM = Recruit Anyone (Rockets)
Weather & Time
PLEASANTLYWARM = Sunny Weather
TOODAMNHOT = Very Sunny Weather
ALNSFMZO = Overcast Weather
AUIFRVQS = Rainy Weather
CFVFGMJ = Foggy Weather
YSOHNUL = Faster Clock
NIGHTPROWLER = Always Midnight
OFVIAC = Orange Sky 21:00
SCOTTISHSUMMER = Thunderstorm
CWJXUOC = Sandstorm
KISAH KELEBIHAN BERPUASA PADA 10 MUHARRAM DAN PERISTIWA-PERISTIWA YANG terjadi PADA HARI TERSEBUT
KISAH KELEBIHAN BERPUASA PADA 10 MUHARRAM DAN PERISTIWA-PERISTIWA YANG terjadi PADA HARI TERSEBUT
Dari Ibnu Abbas r.a berkata Rasulullah S.A.W bersabda : " Siapa yang berpuasa pada hari Aasyura (10 Muharram) maka Allah S.W.T akan memberi kepadanya pahala 10,000 malaikat dan siapa yang berpuasa pada hari Aasyura (10 Muharram) maka akan diberi pahala 10,000 orang berhaji dan berumrah, dan 10,000 pahala orang mati syahid, dan barang siapa yang mengusap kepala anak-anak yatim pada hari tersebut maka Allah S.W.T akan menaikkan dengan setiap rambut satu darjat. Dan siapa yang memberi makan kepada orang yang berbuka puasa pada orang mukmin pada hari Aasyura, maka seolah-olah dia memberi makan pada seluruh ummat Rasulullah S.A.W yang berbuka puasa dan mengenyangkan perut mereka."
Lalu para sahabat bertanya Rasulullah S.A.W : " Ya Rasulullah S.A.W, adakah Allah telah melebihkan hari Aasyura daripada hari-hari lain?". Maka berkata Rasulullah S.A.W : " Ya, memang benar, Allah Taala menjadikan langit dan bumi pada hari Aasyura, menjadikan laut pada hari Aasyura, menjadikan bukit-bukit pada hari Aasyura, menjadikan Nabi Adam dan juga Hawa pada hari Aasyura, lahirnya Nabi Ibrahim juga pada hari Aasyura, dan Allah S.W.T menyelamatkan Nabi Ibrahim dari api juga pada hari Aasyura, Allah S.W.T menenggelamkan Fir'aun pada hari Aasyura, menyembuhkan penyakit Nabi Ayyub a.s pada hari Aasyura, Allah S.W.T menerima taubat Nabi Adam pada hari Aasyura, Allah S.W.T mengampunkan dosa Nabi Daud pada hari Aasyura, Allah S.W.T mengembalikan kerajaan Nabi Sulaiman juga pada hari Aasyura, dan akan terjadi hari kiamat itu juga pada hari Aasyura !".
TUJUH MACAM PAHALA YANG DAPAT DINIKMATINYA SELEPAS MATINYA
TUJUH MACAM PAHALA YANG DAPAT DINIKMATINYA SELEPAS MATINYA
Dari Anas r.a. berkata bahawa ada tujuh macam pahala yang dapat diterima seseorang itu selepas matinya.
1. Siapa yang mendirikan masjid maka ia tetap pahalanya selagi masjid itu digunakan oleh orang untuk beramal ibadat di dalamnya.
2. Siapa yang mengalirkan air sungai selagi ada orang yang minum daripadanya.
3. Siapa yang menulis mushaf ia akan mendapat pahala selagi ada orang yang membacanya.
4. Orang yang menggali perigi selagi ada orang yang menggunakannya.
5. Siapa yang menanam tanam-tanaman selagi ada yang memakannya baik dari manusia atau burung.
6. Mereka yang mengajarkan ilmu yang berguna selama ia diamalkan oleh orang yang mempelajarinya.
7. Orang yang meninggalkan anak yang soleh yang mana ianya selalu mendoakan kedua orang tuanya dan beristighfar baginya
8. yakni anak yang selalu diajari ilmu Al-Qur'an maka orang yang mengajarnya akan mendapat pahala selagi anak itu mengamalkan ajaran-ajarannya tanpa mengurangi pahala anak itu sendiri.
Abu Hurairah r.a. berkata, Rasulullah S.A.W. telah bersabda : "Apabila telah mati anak Adam itu, maka terhentilah amalnya melainkan tiga macam :
1. Sedekah yang berjalan terus (Sedekah Amal Jariah)
2. Ilmu yang berguna dan diamalkan.
3. Anak yang soleh yang mendoakan baik baginya
diambil dari 1001 kisah teladan
KISAH LIMA PERKARA ANEH
KISAH LIMA PERKARA ANEH
Abu Laits as-Samarqandi adalah seorang ahli fiqh yang masyur. Suatu ketika dia pernah berkata, ayahku menceritakan bahawa antara Nabi-nabi yang bukan Rasul ada menerima wahyu dalam bentuk mimpi dan ada yang hanya mendengar suara.
Maka salah seorang Nabi yang menerima wahyu melalui mimpi itu, pada suatu malam bermimpi diperintahkan yang berbunyi, "Esok engkau dikehendaki keluar dari rumah pada waktu pagi menghala ke barat. Engkau dikehendaki berbuat, pertama; apa yang negkau lihat (hadapi) maka makanlah, kedua; engkau sembunyikan, ketiga; engkau terimalah, keempat; jangan engkau putuskan harapan, yang kelima; larilah engkau daripadanya."
Pada keesokan harinya, Nabi itu pun keluar dari rumahnya menuju ke barat dan kebetulan yang pertama dihadapinya ialah sebuah bukit besar berwarna hitam. Nabi itu kebingungan sambil berkata, "Aku diperintahkan memakan pertama aku hadapi, tapi sungguh aneh sesuatu yang mustahil yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan."
Maka Nabi itu terus berjalan menuju ke bukit itu dengan hasrat untuk memakannya. Ketika dia menghampirinya, tiba-tiba bukit itu mengecilkan diri sehingga menjadi sebesar buku roti. Maka Nabi itu pun mengambilnya lalu disuapkan ke mulutnya. Bila ditelan terasa sungguh manis bagaikan madu. Dia pun mengucapkan syukur 'Alhamdulillah'.
Kemudian Nabi itu meneruskan perjalanannya lalu bertemu pula dengan sebuah mangkuk emas. Dia teringat akan arahan mimpinya supaya disembunyikan, lantas Nabi itu pun menggali sebuah lubang lalu ditanamkan mangkuk emas itu, kemudian ditinggalkannya. Tiba-tiba mangkuk emas itu terkeluar semula. Nabi itu pun menanamkannya semula sehingga tiga kali berturut-turut.
Maka berkatalah Nabi itu, "Aku telah melaksanakan perintahmu." Lalu dia pun meneruskan perjalanannya tanpa disedari oleh Nabi itu yang mangkuk emas itu terkeluar semula dari tempat ia ditanam.
Ketika dia sedang berjalan, tiba-tiba dia ternampak seekor burung helang sedang mengejar seekor burung kecil. Kemudian terdengarlah burung kecil itu berkata, "Wahai Nabi Allah, tolonglah aku."
Mendengar rayuan burung itu, hatinya merasa simpati lalu dia pun mengambil burung itu dan dimasukkan ke dalam bajunya. Melihatkan keadaan itu, lantas burung helang itu pun datang menghampiri Nabi itu sambil berkata, "Wahai Nabi Allah, aku sangat lapar dan aku mengejar burung itu sejak pagi tadi. Oleh itu janganlah engkau patahkan harapanku dari rezekiku."
Nabi itu teringatkan pesanan arahan dalam mimpinya yang keempat, iaitu tidak boleh putuskan harapan. Dia menjadi kebingungan untuk menyelesaikan perkara itu. Akhirnya dia membuat keputusan untuk mengambil pedangnya lalu memotong sedikit daging pehanya dan diberikan kepada helang itu. Setelah mendapat daging itu, helang pun terbang dan burung kecil tadi dilepaskan dari dalam bajunya.
Selepas kejadian itu, Nabi meneruskan perjalannya. Tidak lama kemudian dia bertemu dengan satu bangkai yang amat busuk baunya, maka dia pun bergegas lari dari situ kerana tidak tahan menghidu bau yang menyakitkan hidungnya. Setelah menemui kelima-lima peristiwa itu, maka kembalilah Nabi ke rumahnya. Pada malam itu, Nabi pun berdoa. Dalam doanya dia berkata, "Ya Allah, aku telah pun melaksanakan perintah-Mu sebagaimana yang diberitahu di dalam mimpiku, maka jelaskanlah kepadaku erti semuanya ini."
Dalam mimpi beliau telah diberitahu oleh Allah S.W.T. bahawa, "Yang pertama engkau makan itu ialah marah. Pada mulanya nampak besar seperti bukittetapi pada akhirnya jika bersabar dan dapat mengawal serta menahannya, maka marah itu pun akan menjadi lebih manis daripada madu.
Kedua; semua amal kebaikan (budi), walaupun disembunyikan, maka ia tetap akan nampak jua. Ketiga; jika sudah menerima amanah seseorang, maka janganlah kamu khianat kepadanya. Keempat; jika orang meminta kepadamu, maka usahakanlah untuknya demi membantu kepadanya meskipun kau sendiri berhajat. Kelima; bau yang busuk itu ialah ghibah (menceritakan hal seseorang). Maka larilah dari orang-orang yang sedang duduk berkumpul membuat ghibah."
Saudara-saudaraku, kelima-lima kisah ini hendaklah kita semaikan dalam diri kita, sebab kelima-lima perkara ini sentiasa sahaja berlaku dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari. Perkara yang tidak dapat kita elakkan setiap hari ialah mengata hal orang, memang menjadi tabiat seseorang itu suka mengata hal orang lain. Haruslah kita ingat bahawa kata-mengata hal seseorang itu akan menghilangkan pahala kita, sebab ada sebuah hadis mengatakan di akhirat nanti ada seorang hamba Allah akan terkejut melihat pahala yang tidak pernah dikerjakannya. Lalu dia bertanya, "Wahai Allah, sesungguhnya pahala yang Kamu berikan ini tidak pernah aku kerjakan di dunia dulu."
Maka berkata Allah S.W.T., "Ini adalah pahala orang yang mengata-ngata tentang dirimu." Dengan ini haruslah kita sedar bahawa walaupun apa yang kita kata itu memang benar, tetapi kata-mengata itu akan merugikan diri kita sendiri. Oleh kerana itu, hendaklah kita jangan mengata hal orang walaupun ia benar.
AL-QUR'AN SEBAGAI PEMBELA DI HARI AKHIRAT
AL-QUR'AN SEBAGAI PEMBELA DI HARI AKHIRAT
Abu Umamah r.a. berkata : "Rasulullah S.A.W telah menganjurkan supaya kami semua mempelajari Al-Qur'an, setelah itu Rasulullah S.A.W memberitahu tentang kelebihan Al-Qur'an."
Telah bersabda Rasulullah S.A.W : Belajarlah kamu akan Al-Qur'an, di akhirat nanti dia akan datang kepada ahli-ahlinya, yang mana di kala itu orang sangat memerlukannya."
Ia akan datang dalam bentuk seindah-indahnya dan ia bertanya, " Kenalkah kamu kepadaku?" Maka orang yang pernah membaca akan menjawab : "Siapakah kamu?"
Maka berkata Al-Qur'an : "Akulah yang kamu cintai dan kamu sanjung, dan juga telah bangun malam untukku dan kamu juga pernah membacaku di waktu siang hari."
Kemudian berkata orang yang pernah membaca Al-Qur'an itu : "Adakah kamu Al-Qur'an?" Lalu Al-Qur'an mengakui dan menuntun orang yang pernah membaca mengadap Allah S.W.T. Lalu orang itu diberi kerajaan di tangan kanan dan kekal di tangan kirinya, kemudian dia meletakkan mahkota di atas kepalanya.
Pada kedua ayanh dan ibunya pula yang muslim diberi perhiasan yang tidak dapat ditukar dengan dunia walau berlipat ganda, sehingga keduanya bertanya : "Dari manakah kami memperolehi ini semua, pada hal amal kami tidak sampai ini?"
Lalu dijawab : "Kamu diberi ini semua karena anak kamu telah mempelajari Al-Qur'an."
Wednesday, July 11, 2007
TALQIN MAYYIT
TALQIN MAYYIT
Setiap yang bernyawa pasti akan merasakan mati. Barang siapa dilepaskan dari neraka dan ia akan dimasukan ke dalam surga, maka adalah ia orang yang beruntung, dan tidak ada kehidupan di dunia melainkan tipu daya. Ya Abdallah bin Abdillah/Ya Amatillah binti Abdillah, kamu ingat perjanjian pada waktu kamu keluar dari negri dunia menuju negri akhirat yaitu perjanjian: Sesunggahnya tidak ada Tuhan selain ALLAH, dan bahwa Nabi Muhammad itu utusan ALLAH, dan sesungguhnya mati itu benar, dan kubur itu benar, dan ni’mat di dalam kubur itu benar, dan siksa dalam kubur itu benar, dan pertanyaan di dalam kubur itu benar, dan pertanyaan Munkar dan Nankir di dalam kubur itu benar, dan bahwasanya dibangkitkan dari alam kubur itu benar, dan bahwasanya perhitungan amal baik dan buruk itu benar, dan sesungguhnya syafa’at (pertolongan) Muhammad SAW. itu benar, dan surga itu benar, dan neraka itu benar, dan berjumpa dengan ALLAH Ta’ala bagi orang ahli ma’rifat itu benar, dan ALLAH Ta’ala akan membangkitkan manusia dari alam kubur, sekarang kamu telah berada dilapisan tanah dan berhadapan dengan tentara maut, maka apabila datang dua orang malaikat yang diwakilkan kepada kamu yaitu Munkar dan Nankir maka kamu jangan takut dan gemetar maka sesungguhnya kedua orang malaikat itu mahluk ALLAH sebagaiman kamu mahluk ALLAH, maka apabila bertanya dua orang malaikat akan kamu: Siapa Tuhanmu, dan siapa Nabimu, dan apa agamamu, dan dimana kiblatmu, dan apa pedomanmu(Imammu), dan siapa saudaramu, dan siapa bapamu pada agama, dan siapakah seseorang yang diutus kepadamu, jin, dan manusia? Maka hendaklah kamu jawab pertanyaan itu dengan lidah yang pasih dan i’tikad yang benar: ALLAH Ta’ala itu Tuhanku, Muhammad itu Nabiku dan Islam itu agamaku, dan Ka’bah itu kiblatku, dan Al-Qur’an itu pedomanku, dan kaum Muslimin dan Muslimat itu saudaraku, dan Nabi Ibrahim itu bapaku pada agama, dan ia seorang laki-laki yang diutus kepadaku dan kepada mahluk lainnya yaitu Nabi Muhammad SAW. dan hendaklah kamu kata: Aku ridho ALLAH itu Tuhanku dan Islam itu agamaku dan Muhammad itu Nabi dan Rasul, atas yang demikian itu kamu hidup dan mati, atas demikian itu kamu akan dibangkitkan, jika ALLAH menghendaki akan keselamatan maka ALLAH tetapkan dengan perkataan yang benar.
Sunday, July 1, 2007
Pembagian Negara menurut Al-Farabi
Pembagian Negara menurut Al-Farabi
Dalam hal filsafat kenegaraan,Al-Farabi membagi Negara menjadi lima bentuk,Lima bentuk itu adalah Negara utama,Negara orang-orang bodoh,Negara orang-orang fasik,Negara yang berubah-ubah,dan Negara sesat.
1.Negara utama(al-madinah al-fadilah).
Negara utama adalah Negara yang penduduknya berada dalam kebahagiaan.Bentuk Negara ini dipimpin oleh para nabi dan dilanjutkan oleh para filsuf.
2.Negara orang-orang bodoh(al-madinah al-jahilah).
Negara orang-orang bodoh adalah Negara yang penduduknya tidak mengenal kebahagiaan.
3.Negara orang-orang fasik.
Negara orang-orang fasik adalah Negara yang penduduknya mengenal kebahagiaan,tetapi tingkah laku mereka sama dengan penduduk Negara orang-orang bodoh.
4.Negara yang berubah-ubah(al-madinah al mutabaddilah).
Penduduk Negara ini awalnya mempunyai pikiran dan pendapat seperti yang dimiliki penduduk Negara utama,tetapi mengalami kerusakan.
5.Negara sesat(al-madinah ad-dallah).
Negara sesat adalah Negara yang pemimpinnya menganggap dirinya mendapat wahyu.Ia kemudian menipu orang banyak dengan ucapan dan perbuatannya.
